Method and system for facilitating data recovery and version rollback in a storage device

ABSTRACT

One embodiment provides a system which facilitates organization of data. During operation, the system receives data associated with a logical block address (LBA) to be written to a non-volatile memory. The system stores, in a data structure, a mapping of a first physical block address (PBA) corresponding to the LBA to a first status for the data, wherein the first status indicates data validity and recovery being enabled for the data. Responsive to receiving a command to delete the data, the system modifies the first status to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data. Responsive to receiving a command to recover the previously deleted data, the system modifies the first status to indicate data validity and recovery being enabled for the data.

BACKGROUND Field

This disclosure is generally related to the field of data storage. More specifically, this disclosure is related to a method and system for facilitating data recovery and version rollback in a storage device.

Related Art

Today, various storage systems are being used to store and access the ever-increasing amount of digital content. A storage system can include various storage devices which can provide persistent memory, e.g., a solid state drive (SSD) and a hard disk drive (HDD). Data stored in a storage device may be unintentionally deleted or overwritten, e.g., by mistake or by accident. A user or system may need to recover such deleted or expired data. In a conventional SSD, the system writes data blocks with their corresponding LBAs to persistent memory. If data is deleted or updated, the system marks corresponding NAND pages as invalid and to be recycled during a subsequent garbage collection process. The system can recover the deleted or updated data by delivering the original data block with its LBA back to the host.

However, because data files may be stored in multiple physical locations across multiple NAND dies via multiple channels, and these physical locations may be randomly organized, deleting or updating files can result in randomly scattered invalid pages across multiple physical locations. The system may perform garbage collection on some of the scattered pages associated with a given file (e.g., by erasing some of the scattered pages which are marked as invalid as part of a delete or an update command). As a result, the system may obtain only partial data when attempting to recover deleted or updated files.

While some data storage methods can be used to avoid data loss with a high confidence, the challenge remains to improve the reliability of data recovery and version rollback in a storage device.

SUMMARY

One embodiment provides a system which facilitates organization of data. During operation, the system receives data associated with a logical block address (LBA) to be written to a non-volatile memory. The system stores, in a data structure, a mapping of a first physical block address (PBA) corresponding to the LBA to a first status for the data, wherein the first status indicates data validity and recovery being enabled for the data. Responsive to receiving a command to delete the data, the system modifies the first status to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data. Responsive to receiving a command to recover the previously deleted data, the system modifies the first status to indicate data validity and recovery being enabled for the data.

In some embodiments, the data structure is stored in a host memory, and the data structure is ordered based on an ascending order of LBAs. A status comprises two bits, indicates in a first bit whether corresponding data is valid, and indicates in a second bit whether recovery is enabled for the corresponding data.

In some embodiments, responsive to receiving a command to write an update of the data: the system stores, in the data structure, a mapping of a new PBA to a second status which indicates validity and recovery being enabled; the system updates the first status to indicate invalidity and recovery being enabled; and the system writes the updated data, the LBA, and the second status to the non-volatile memory at the new PBA.

In some embodiments, the first status corresponds to a prior version of the data, and the second status corresponds to a most recent version of the data. Responsive to receiving a command to recover the previously updated data: the system modifies the first status to indicate validity and recovery being enabled for the data; and the system modifies the second status to indicate invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data.

In some embodiments, responsive to receiving the command to recover the previously updated data and prior to modifying the first status to indicate validity and recovery being enabled for the data, the system determines that the most recent version of data is valid based on the second status indicating data validity and recovery being enabled for the data, thereby causing a rollback from the most recent version of the data to the prior version of the data.

In some embodiments, responsive to receiving the command to recover the previously deleted data and prior to modifying the first status to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data, the system determines that a most recent version of data is invalid based on the first status indicating data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data, thereby recovering the most recent version of the data.

In some embodiments, responsive to receiving the command to delete the data, the system adds an entry to an LBA journal for the LBA to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data.

In some embodiments, the system writes the data, the LBA, and the first status to the non-volatile memory at the first PBA.

In some embodiments, the system receives a request to read data associated with the LBA. The system determines, by a flash translation layer, a source of the read request. In response to determining that the source of the read request is a host: the system obtains, from the data structure, a current PBA and a current status corresponding to the LBA; responsive to determining that the current status indicates data validity and recovery being enabled for the data, the system reads, at the obtained PBA, the requested data; responsive to determining that the current status indicates data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data, the system determines to send, to the host, a predetermined pattern which indicates that the requested data is not valid; and the system returns the requested data or the predetermined pattern to a requester.

In some embodiments, in response to determining that the source of the read request is internal: the system obtains, from the data structure, a current PBA and a current status corresponding to the LBA; the system reads, at the obtained PBA, the requested data; and the system returns the requested data to the requester.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary environment for data placement, with a random distribution of files across a storage drive, in accordance with the prior art.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary flagmap array, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.

FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary host memory domain, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.

FIG. 3B illustrates an exemplary persistent storage domain, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.

FIG. 4A presents a flowchart illustrating a method for facilitating a write operation and a data recovery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.

FIG. 4B presents a flowchart illustrating a method for facilitating a write operation and a data recovery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.

FIG. 5A presents a flowchart illustrating a method for facilitating a read operation, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.

FIG. 5B presents a flowchart illustrating a method for facilitating a read operation, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary computer system that facilitates organization of data, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary apparatus that facilitates organization of data, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.

In the figures, like reference numerals refer to the same figure elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the embodiments, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the embodiments described herein are not limited to the embodiments shown, but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

Overview

The embodiments described herein address the issues involved in recovering data in conventional storage devices by providing a system which facilitates data recovery and version rollback in an efficient and reliable manner.

As described above, data stored in a storage device may be unintentionally deleted or overwritten, e.g., by mistake or by accident. A user or system may need to recover such deleted or expired data. In a conventional SSD, the system writes data blocks with their corresponding LBAs to persistent memory. If data is deleted or updated, the system marks corresponding NAND pages as invalid and to be recycled during a subsequent garbage collection process. The system can recover the deleted or updated data by delivering the original data block with its LBA back to the host. Generally, the system can main the LBAs in a consecutive manner.

However, because data files may be stored in multiple physical locations across multiple NAND dies via multiple channels, and these physical locations may be randomly organized, deleting or updating pages can result in randomly scattered invalid pages across multiple physical locations. The system may perform garbage collection on some of the scattered pages associated with a given file (e.g., by erasing some of the scattered pages which are marked as invalid as part of a delete or an update command). As a result, the system may obtain only partial data when attempting to recover deleted or updated pages. Furthermore, even given multiple copies of a file stored across devices in a distributed storage system, the garbage collection process and other operations (e.g., restoring an operating system) may result in losing some or part of the file. This data loss can affect the quality and reliability of data recovery. An exemplary conventional SSD is described below in relation to FIG. 1.

While some data storage methods can be used to avoid data loss with a high confidence, the challenge remains to improve the reliability of data recovery and version rollback in a storage device.

The embodiments described herein address these issues by creating a “flagmap” which indicates the “status” of every LBA stored on the physical media of a storage drive, regardless of whether the LBA is associated with valid or invalid data (e.g., data which is marked as invalid and to be recycled as a result of a delete or an update command). Even if a given LBA is “expired” or “deleted” from the perspective of the system, the data itself can remain in the physical storage media and be accessed based on the connection between the LBA and the data via the flagmap. The status can include if data is valid or invalid, and if a data recovery protection feature is enabled or not enabled for the data.

Specifically, the flagmap can be a data structure or an array that indicates status by assigning two bits for each LBA whose corresponding data is currently stored on the physical media. One bit (i.e., the first bit or the most significant bit (MSB)) can indicate whether the corresponding data is valid or invalid, and the other bit (e.g., the second bit or the least significant bit (LSB)) can indicate whether a recovery is enabled for the corresponding data. For example: a flagmap entry or status value of “11” can indicate valid data with enabled protection, while a flagmap entry or status value of “10” can indicate invalid data with enabled protection. An exemplary flagmap array is described below in relation to FIG. 2.

The flagmap array can be stored in the host memory, and can collaborate with the mapping table to provide data recovery and version rollback in a storage device. The flagmap can support real-time updates and random search/access, based on the known ascending order of LBAs. The flagmap array can correspond to a PBA array, e.g., in a data structure which maps PBAs to statuses for data, where the data structure is ordered based on an ascending order of LBAs, as described below in relation to FIG. 3.

Data can be written into the physical media of a persistent storage device with its LBA and (e.g., 2-bit) status. Because the physical storage media of a non-volatile memory may not support in-place writes, the data+LBA+status bundle can be written to a physical location of the NAND as determined by the PBA mapping table stored in the host memory. A NAND block can store page-level LBAs+statuses, and can also store block-level LBAs+statuses (e.g., an LBA+status journal). The flagmap array in persistent memory is thus based on the physical layout and organization of the PBAs, and is out-of-order in a same manner as its corresponding LBAs, as described below in relation to FIG. 3.

The system can receive data to be written to persistent memory, and can set the status of the data to “11,” which indicates valid data and enabled protection. The system can store the status in the flagmap array, where the status is mapped to a corresponding original PBA in the mapping table in host memory. The system can also write the status along with the data and the LBA to the persistent memory at the original PBA. The system can receive a command to update or delete the date. If the system receives a command to update the data written to the original PBA with new data, the system can write the new data to a new PBA and can store a mapping of the new PBA to a status which indicates valid data and enabled protection (“11”). The system can update the status associated with the original PBA to a new status which indicates invalid data and enabled protection (“10”) (“prior version”), and can also write the new data, the LBA, and the new status to the persistent memory at the new PBA (“most recent version”).

If the system receives a command to delete the data, the system can modify the status for the data to indicate invalid data and enabled recovery (“10”) (“deleted version”). For example, the system can modify the status in the flagmap array from “11” to “10.” The system can also add an LBA journal entry for the LBA to indicate invalid data and enabled recovery (“10”).

Subsequently, the system can receive a command to recover the previously updated data or the previously deleted data. The system can determine whether a most recent version of the data is valid. The data can be valid is the data was previously updated, and the data can be invalid if the data was previously deleted. If the system determines that the most recent version of data is valid (i.e., receives a command to recover the previously updated data), the system can roll back to the prior version of data by flipping the valid and invalid status of, respectively, the most recent version and the prior version. That is, the system can modify the status of the most recent version of data from “11” to “10,” and can modify the status of the prior version of data from “10” to “11.”

If the system determines that the most recent version of data is invalid (i.e., receives a command to recover the previously deleted data), the system can re-validate the deleted version, by modifying the status of the deleted version from “10” to “11.” Writing, updating, deleting, and recovering data are described below in relation to the exemplary write flow of FIGS. 4A-4B. An exemplary read flow is described below in relation to FIGS. 5A and 5B.

Thus, by maintaining the flagmap array which indicates both data validity/invalidity and recovery enablement/disablement, the described embodiments facilitate a system which provides data recovery and version rollback in a storage device, while only consuming two extra bits per LBA associated with data stored in the physical media of a storage device. The described system can address the issues involved in the conventional systems relating to inconsistent data recovery in response to commands to recover deleted or updated data. The additional improvements allow the system to store and maintain essential data and further recover protected data via a white-box SSD for consolidating data in the event of an accident. The system can reconstruct the data stored in the persistent memory based on the corresponding metadata (including the LBA, the status, the PBA to status mapping, the ascending LBA order, and the PBA physical layout), thus allowing a host to reconstruct data in a guaranteed, reliable, and consistent manner while ensuring a loss of no data or information. The system can also tune the background operations to match the data recovery protection methods described herein.

A “storage system infrastructure,” “storage infrastructure,” or “storage system” refers to the overall set of hardware and software components used to facilitate storage for a system. A storage system can include multiple clusters of storage servers and other servers. A “storage server” refers to a computing device which can include multiple storage devices or storage drives. A “storage device” or a “storage drive” refers to a device or a drive with a non-volatile memory or a “persistent memory” which can provide persistent storage of data, e.g., a solid state drive (SSD), a hard disk drive (HDD), or a flash-based storage device.

A “non-volatile storage device” refers to a computing device, entity, server, unit, or component which can store data in a persistent or a non-volatile memory (e.g., in a “persistent memory” or in a “physical media” or “physical storage media” of a storage device). In the embodiments described herein, the non-volatile storage device is depicted as a solid state drive (SSD), which includes a plurality of dies which can be accessed over a plurality of channels, but other non-volatile storage devices can be used.

A “computing device” refers to any server, device, node, entity, drive, or any other entity which can provide any computing capabilities.

A “flagmap” refers to a data structure which indicates the “status” of every LBA stored on a physical media of a storage device. The data structure can be, e.g., an array. The status can be indicated as two bits. One bit (e.g., the most significant bit (MSB)) can indicate if the corresponding data is valid or invalid (also referred to as “data validity” or “data invalidity”). The other bit (e.g., the least significant bit (LSB)) can indicate if a data recovery or protection feature is enabled or disabled for the corresponding data (also referred to as “recovery being enabled for the data” or “recovery being disabled for the data”). Exemplary statuses are described below in relation to FIG. 2. In this disclosure, the terms “flagmap,” “flagmap entry,” and “status” are used interchangeably, while the term “flagmap array” refers to the data structure.

A “mapping table” generally refers to a data structure which maps LBAs to PBAs. In this disclosure, a mapping table can map PBAs to flagmap entries or statuses, based on an ascending order of LBAs.

An “LBA journal” refers to a block-wise list of LBAs which are associated with data stored in a given block. An “LBA journal entry” refers to an entry which is added to the LBA journal when new data is written to the given block.

Exemplary Data Placement in the Prior Art

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary environment 100 for data placement, with a random distribution of files across a storage drive, in accordance with the prior art. Environment 100 can indicate the persistent memory of a storage device, such as an SSD, and can include multiple channels, e.g., channels 1 110, 2 120, N−1 130, and N 140. Each channel can be associated with one or more NAND dies, and each NAND die can be accessed via a channel. For example: NAND dies 111 and 114 can be accessed via channel 1 110; NAND dies 121 and 124 can be accessed via channel 2 120; NAND dies 131 and 134 can be accessed via channel N−1 130; and NAND dies 141 and 144 can be accessed via channel N 140. Columns 1 102, i 104, and k 104 can indicate groupings of NAND dies.

The system of environment 100 can store data corresponding to a single file across multiple dies. For example, a file F1 can be stored as pages indicated by: F1 112 in NAND die 111; F1 132 in NAND die 131; F1 116 in NAND die 114; F1 136 in NAND die 134; F1 128 in NAND die 127; and F1 138 in NAND die 137. Similarly, a file F2 can be stored as pages indicated by: F2 113 in NAND die 111; F2 115 in NAND die 114; F2 125 in NAND die 124; F2 135 in NAND die 134; F2 118 in NAND die 116; and F2 149 in NAND die 147. Files F3, F4, and F5 can be similarly stored across multiple NAND dies.

The SSD depicted in environment 100 can perform garbage collection operations, such that when data is deleted or updated, the system can mark the corresponding NAND pages as invalid and to be recycled during a subsequent garbage collection operation. Furthermore, an SSD may be in service for a period of several months before being fully formatted, which, along with the channel parallelism and garbage collection operations, may result in the files being stored in multiple physical locations in the SSD, as depicted by the pages and data of files F1 and F2 spread across multiple NAND dies in FIG. 1. While the LBAs may remain consecutive, the conventional SSD may place the data in a randomly organized physical layout in the storage media of the non-volatile memory. A subsequent garbage collection operation may result in invalid pages (e.g., resulting from a delete or an update operation) being erased, and valid pages being moved to an available NAND block. Certain tools may scan the physical locations inside the SSD to read out the contents of the NAND pages/blocks of the dies. However, because certain portions of a data file may be erased before other portions of the same data file, the integrity of the data may have already been lost, and any recovered partial data may not be reliable, as even a small portion of lost data can invalidate the integrity of an entire data file or other unit of data.

As an example, as described above, F2 is spread across at least six dies: 111, 114, 116, 124, 134, and 147. If any of the data relating to F2 is deleted or updated, the corresponding data which is deleted or updated can be marked as invalid and to be recycled during a subsequent garbage collection process. At any subsequent time, the system may only be able to recover a portion of all the data relating to F2. As a result, the recovered portion cannot be guaranteed to be valid data. This can decrease the reliability of data recovery and version rollback in an SSD.

Exemplary Flagmap Array

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary flagmap or flagmap array 200, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. Flagmap array 200 can be an array which includes 2-bit groupings or entries 201-209, which denote or indicate the status of every LBA stored on the physical media of a storage drive, regardless of whether the LBA is associated with valid or invalid data. The invalid data can be data which is marked as invalid as a result of a delete or an update operation. In the described embodiments, the system can maintain the data itself in the physical storage media, and access the data using flagmap array 200 which provides a connection or mapping between the LBA and the data (e.g., at a certain PBA).

Flagmap array 200 can indicate status by assigning two bits for LBAs associated with data currently stored on the physical media. For example, in grouping or entry 205, one bit, e.g., a most significant bit (MSB) 220, can indicate whether the corresponding data is valid (with a value of “1”) or invalid (with a value of “0”). The other bit, e.g., a least significant bit (LSB) 222, can indicate whether a recovery is enabled for the corresponding data (with a value of “1”) or disabled for the corresponding data (with a value of “0”). For example: a status or flagmap value of “11” can indicate data validity and recovery being enabled for the data, while a status or flagmap value of “10” can indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data.

Host Memory Domain and Persistent Storage Domain

FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary host memory domain 300, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. Host memory storage domain can store a PBA array 310 and a flagmap array 320. The data stored at the PBAs listed in PBA array 310 can correspond to LBAs which are in an LBA ascending order 330, e.g., in a consecutive or sequential order. As a result, host memory domain 300 can store a data structure with entries which map each PBA corresponding to an ascending ordered LBA to a flagmap or status for the corresponding data. That is, PBA array 310 and flagmap array 320 can form a data structure which maps PBAs to flagmaps or statuses. This data structure can be a mapping table and can be referred to as a “PBA mapping table.”

Flagmap array 320 can support random access and real-time updates, based on the known ascending order of the LBAs. Because the index of both of PBA array 310 and flagmap array 320 corresponds to and can be translated to the LBAs, which are in an ascending order, the system does not need to store the LBA array. This savings in the consumption of storage capacity can lead to an increase in the capacity of the overall storage system. Moreover, the ascending order of the LBAs can support a straightforward and uncomplicated execution of random search and access operations.

FIG. 3B illustrates an exemplary persistent storage domain 340, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. Persistent storage domain 340 can include the non-volatile or persistent memory, such as NAND flash memory in the physical media of an SSD. Persistent storage domain 340 can include an LBA array (out of order) 350 and a flagmap array (out of order) 360. The LBAs of LBA array 350 can out of order based on a PBA layout order 370 (e.g., a physical organization of data in persistent storage domain 340). Flagmap array 360 can track to LBA array 350 based on the written status and an LBA journal.

An exemplary write operation, along with deleting, updating, and recovering data, is described below in relation to FIGS. 4A-4B.

Exemplary Method for Writing Data and Performing Data Recovery

FIG. 4A presents a flowchart 400 illustrating a method for facilitating a write operation and a data recovery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. During operation, the system receives data associated with a logical block address (LBA) to be written to a non-volatile memory (operation 402). The system stores, in a data structure, a mapping of a first physical block address (PBA) corresponding to the LBA to a first status for the data, wherein the first status indicates data validity and recovery being enabled for the data (operation 404). The system writes the data, the LBA, and the first status to the non-volatile memory at the first PBA (operation 406). The system can receive a command to delete the data (operation 408), or the operation can continue at Label A of FIG. 4B (receiving a command to write an update to the data).

Responsive to receiving the command to delete the data, the system modifies the first status to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data (operation 410). The system receives a command to recover the previously deleted data (operation 412). Responsive to receiving the command to recover the previously deleted data, the system determines that a most recent version of data is invalid based on the first status indicating data invalidity and recovery being enabled (operation 414). The system modifies the first status to indicate data validity and recovery being enabled for the data (operation 416). The operation continues at Label A of FIG. 5A.

FIG. 4B presents a flowchart 430 illustrating a method for facilitating a write operation and a data recovery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. During operation, the system receives a command to write an update of the data (operation 432). Responsive to receiving the command to write an update of the data, the system stores, in the data structure, a mapping of a new PBA to a second status which indicates validity and recovery being enabled (operation 434). The system updates the first status to indicate invalidity and recovery being enabled (operation 436). The system writes the updated data, the LBA, and the second status to the non-volatile memory at the new PBA (operation 438).

The first status corresponds to a prior version of the data, and the second status corresponds to a most recent version of the data. The system receives a command to recover the previously updated data (operation 440). Responsive to receiving the command to recover the previously updated data, the system determines that the prior version of data is invalid based on the second status indicating data validity and recovery being enabled (operation 442). The system modifies the first status to indicate validity and recovery being enabled for the data, thereby recovering the prior version of the data (operation 444). The system also modifies the second status to indicate invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data, thereby causing a rollback from the most recent version of the data to the prior version of the data (operation 446). The operation continues at Label C of FIG. 5A.

The system can also use a similar method in reverse in order to revert back to the most recent version from the prior version. For example, in order to reverse the recovery operation, the system can modify the first status to indicate invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data, thereby recovering the most recent version of the data (e.g., the reverse of operation 444). The system can also modify the second status to indicate validity and recovery being enabled for the data, thereby causing a rollback from the prior version of the data back to the most recent version of the data (e.g., the reverse of operation 446).

Exemplary Method for Reading Data

FIG. 5A presents a flowchart 500 illustrating a method for facilitating a read operation, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. During operation, the system receives a request to read data associated with the LBA (operation 502). The system determines, by a flash translation layer, a source of the read request (operation 504). If the source is internal (decision 506), the operation continues at Label D of FIG. 5B. If the source is a host (decision 506), the system obtains, from the data structure, a current PBA and a current status corresponding to the LBA (operation 508). If the current status indicates data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data (decision 510), the system determines that the LBA is not legal (i.e., the LBA is associated with data which is invalid) (operation 512). The system determines to send, to the host, a predetermined pattern which indicates that the requested data is not valid (operation 514), and the operation continues at operation 526.

If the current status indicates data validity and recovery being enabled for the data (decision 510), the system determines that the LBA is legal (i.e., the LBA is associated with data which is valid) (operation 522). The system reads, at the obtained PBA, the requested data (operation 524). Subsequently, the returns the predetermined pattern or the requested data to a requester (operation 526), and the operation returns.

FIG. 5B presents a flowchart 530 illustrating a method for facilitating a read operation, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. In response to determining that the source of the read request is internal (decision 506), the system obtains, from the data structure, a current PBA and a current status corresponding to the LBA (operation 532). The system reads, at the obtained PBA, the requested data (operation 534). The system returns the requested data to the requester (operation 536), and the operation returns.

Exemplary Computer System and Apparatus

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary computer system that facilitates organization of data, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. Computer system 600 includes a processor 602, a volatile memory 606, and a storage device 608. In some embodiments, computer system 600 can include a controller 604 (indicated by the dashed lines). Volatile memory 606 can include, e.g., random access memory (RAM), that serves as a managed memory, and can be used to store one or more memory pools. Storage device 608 can include persistent storage which can be managed or accessed via processor 602 (or controller 604). Furthermore, computer system 600 can be coupled to peripheral input/output (I/O) user devices 610, e.g., a display device 611, a keyboard 612, and a pointing device 614. Storage device 608 can store an operating system 616, a content-processing system 618, and data 634.

Content-processing system 618 can include instructions, which when executed by computer system 600, can cause computer system 600 or processor 602 to perform methods and/or processes described in this disclosure. Specifically, content-processing system 618 can include instructions for receiving and transmitting data packets, including data to be read or written, an input/output (I/O) request (e.g., a read request or a write request), metadata, a logical block address (LBA), a physical block address (PBA), and an indicator of a flagmap, a status, or two bits (communication module 620).

Content-processing system 618 can further include instructions for receiving data associated with a logical block address (LBA) to be written to a non-volatile memory (communication module 620). Content-processing system 618 can include instructions for storing, in a data structure, a mapping of a first physical block address (PBA) corresponding to the LBA to a first status for the data, wherein the first status indicates data validity and recovery being enabled for the data (mapping table-managing module 622). Content-processing system 618 can also include instructions for, responsive to receiving a command to delete the data (data-deleting module 624), modifying the first status to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data (mapping table-managing module 622). Content-processing system 618 can include instructions for, responsive to receiving a command to recover the previously deleted data (data-recovering module), modifying the first status to indicate data validity and recovery being enabled for the data (mapping table-managing module 622).

Content-processing system 618 can additionally include instructions for, responsive to receiving a command to write an update of the data (data-updating module 626), storing, in the data structure, a mapping of a new PBA to a second status which indicates validity and recovery being enabled (mapping table-managing module 622). Content-processing system 618 can include instructions for updating the first status to indicate invalidity and recovery being enabled (mapping table-managing module 622) and for writing the updated data, the LBA, and the second status to the non-volatile memory at the new PBA (data-writing module 630).

Content-processing system 618 can also include instructions for, responsive to receiving a command to recover the previously updated data (data-recovering module 628), modifying the first status to indicate validity and recovery being enabled for the data (mapping table-managing module 622) and modifying the second status to indicate invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data (mapping table-managing module 622).

Content-processing system 618 can further include instructions for receiving a request to read data associated with the LBA (operation 632), and for performing the operations described above in relation to FIGS. 5A and 5B.

Data 634 can include any data that is required as input or generated as output by the methods and/or processes described in this disclosure. Specifically, data 634 can store at least: data; a request; a logical block address (LBA); a physical block address (PBA); a mapping table; a flagmap; a flagmap array; a flagmap entry; a status; a status indicated by two bits; a most significant bit and a least significant bit; a mapping table; a mapping between a PBA which corresponds to an LBA and a status; a command; a modified or updated status; an indicator of data validity or invalidity; an indicator of recovery being enabled or disabled for corresponding data; an indicator of a host memory domain or a persistent storage domain; an ascending order; an ascending order of LBAs; a flagmap array ordered in the ascending order of LBAs, where each flagmap entry and LBA corresponds to a PBA; a flagmap array which is out of order and corresponds to out-of-order LBAs, which correspond to PBAs based on a PBA layout of physical media of a storage device; a PBA layout; a most recent version of data; a prior version of data; a rollback; a rollback from the most recent version of data to the prior version of data, or vice versa; deleted or erased data; updated data; data which is marked as valid or invalid; data which is deleted or updated and is marked with a status indicating data invalidity and data recovery being enabled for the data; an LBA journal; an entry in an LBA journal; an indicator or identifier for a flash translation layer (FTL) component, module, entity, or unit; a predetermined pattern; a notification; a current PBA; and a current status.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary apparatus 700 that facilitates organization of data, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. Apparatus 700 can comprise a plurality of units or apparatuses which may communicate with one another via a wired, wireless, quantum light, or electrical communication channel. Apparatus 700 may be realized using one or more integrated circuits, and may include fewer or more units or apparatuses than those shown in FIG. 7. Furthermore, apparatus 700 may be integrated in a computer system, or realized as a separate device or devices capable of communicating with other computer systems and/or devices.

Apparatus 700 can comprise modules or units 702-714 which are configured to perform functions or operations similar to modules 620-632 of computer system 600 of FIG. 6, including: a communication unit 702; a mapping table-managing unit 704; a data-deleting unit 706; a data-updating unit 708; a data-recovering unit 710; a data-writing unit 712; and a data-reading unit 714.

The data structures and code described in this detailed description are typically stored on a computer-readable storage medium, which may be any device or medium that can store code and/or data for use by a computer system. The computer-readable storage medium includes, but is not limited to, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, magnetic and optical storage devices such as disk drives, magnetic tape, CDs (compact discs), DVDs (digital versatile discs or digital video discs), or other media capable of storing computer-readable media now known or later developed.

The methods and processes described in the detailed description section can be embodied as code and/or data, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium as described above. When a computer system reads and executes the code and/or data stored on the computer-readable storage medium, the computer system performs the methods and processes embodied as data structures and code and stored within the computer-readable storage medium.

Furthermore, the methods and processes described above can be included in hardware modules. For example, the hardware modules can include, but are not limited to, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and other programmable-logic devices now known or later developed. When the hardware modules are activated, the hardware modules perform the methods and processes included within the hardware modules.

The foregoing embodiments described herein have been presented for purposes of illustration and description only. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments described herein to the forms disclosed. Accordingly, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. Additionally, the above disclosure is not intended to limit the embodiments described herein. The scope of the embodiments described herein is defined by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: receiving data associated with a logical block address (LBA) to be written to a non-volatile memory; and storing, in a data structure, a mapping of a first physical block address (PBA) corresponding to the LBA to a first status for the data, wherein the first status indicates data validity and recovery being enabled for the data.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the data structure is stored in a host memory, wherein the data structure is ordered based on an ascending order of LBAs, and wherein a status comprises two bits, indicates in a first bit whether corresponding data is valid, and indicates in a second bit whether recovery is enabled for the corresponding data.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: responsive to receiving a third command to write an update of the data: storing, in the data structure, a mapping of a new PBA to a second status which indicates validity and recovery being enabled; updating the first status to indicate invalidity and recovery being enabled; and writing the updated data, the LBA, and the second status to the non-volatile memory at the new PBA.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first status corresponds to a prior version of the data, wherein the second status corresponds to a most recent version of the data, and wherein the method further comprises: responsive to receiving a fourth command to recover the previously updated data: modifying the first status to indicate validity and recovery being enabled for the data, thereby recovering the prior version of the data; and modifying the second status to indicate invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data, thereby causing a rollback from the most recent version to the prior version.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein responsive to receiving the fourth command to recover the previously updated data and prior to modifying the first status to indicate validity and recovery being enabled for the data, the method further comprises: determining that the most recent version of data is valid based on the second status indicating data validity and recovery being enabled for the data.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: responsive to receiving a first command to delete the data, modifying the first status to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data; and responsive to receiving a second command to recover the previously deleted data, modifying the first status to indicate data validity and recovery being enabled for the data.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein responsive to receiving the second command to recover the previously deleted data and prior to modifying the first status to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data, the method further comprises: determining that a most recent version of data is invalid based on the first status indicating data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data, thereby recovering the most recent version of the data.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein responsive to receiving the first command to delete the data, the method further comprises: adding an entry to an LBA journal for the LBA to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: writing the data, the LBA, and the first status to the non-volatile memory at the first PBA.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a request to read data associated with the LBA; determining, by a flash translation layer, a source of the read request; in response to determining that the source of the read request is a host: obtaining, from the data structure, a current PBA and a current status corresponding to the LBA; responsive to determining that the current status indicates data validity and recovery being enabled for the data, reading, at the obtained PBA, the requested data; responsive to determining that the current status indicates data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data, determining to send, to the host, a predetermined pattern which indicates that the requested data is not valid; and returning the requested data or the predetermined pattern to a requester; and in response to determining that the source of the read request is internal: obtaining, from the data structure, a current PBA and a current status corresponding to the LBA; reading, at the obtained PBA, the requested data; and returning the requested data to the requester.
 11. A computer system, comprising: a processor; and a memory coupled to the processor and storing instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform a method, the method comprising: receiving data associated with a logical block address (LBA) to be written to a non-volatile memory; and storing, in a data structure, a mapping of a first physical block address (PBA) corresponding to the LBA to a first status for the data, wherein the first status indicates data validity and recovery being enabled for the data.
 12. The computer system of claim 11, wherein the data structure is stored in a host memory, wherein the data structure is ordered based on an ascending order of LBAs, and wherein a status comprises two bits, indicates in a first bit whether corresponding data is valid, and indicates in a second bit whether recovery is enabled for the corresponding data.
 13. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: responsive to receiving a third command to write an update of the data: storing, in the data structure, a mapping of a new PBA to a second status which indicates validity and recovery being enabled; updating the first status to indicate invalidity and recovery being enabled; and writing the updated data, the LBA, and the second status to the non-volatile memory at the new PBA.
 14. The computer system of claim 13, wherein the first status corresponds to a prior version of the data, wherein the second status corresponds to a most recent version of the data, and wherein the method further comprises: responsive to receiving a fourth command to recover the previously updated data: modifying the first status to indicate validity and recovery being enabled for the data, thereby recovering the prior version of the data; and modifying the second status to indicate invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data, thereby causing a rollback from the most recent version to the prior version.
 15. The computer system of claim 14, wherein responsive to receiving the fourth command to recover the previously updated data and prior to modifying the first status to indicate validity and recovery being enabled for the data, the method further comprises: determining that the most recent version of data is valid based on the second status indicating data validity and recovery being enabled for the data.
 16. The computer system of claim 11, wherein the method further comprises: responsive to receiving a first command to delete the data, modifying the first status to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data; and responsive to receiving a second command to recover the previously deleted data, modifying the first status to indicate data validity and recovery being enabled for the data.
 17. The computer system of claim 16, wherein responsive to receiving the second command to recover the previously deleted data and prior to modifying the first status to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data, the method further comprises: determining that a most recent version of data is invalid based on the first status indicating data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data, thereby recovering the most recent version of the data.
 18. The computer system of claim 16, wherein responsive to receiving the first command to delete the data, the method further comprises: adding an entry to an LBA journal for the LBA to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data.
 19. The computer system of claim 11, wherein the method further comprises: receiving a request to read data associated with the LBA; determining, by a flash translation layer, a source of the read request; in response to determining that the source of the read request is a host: obtaining, from the data structure, a current PBA and a current status corresponding to the LBA; responsive to determining that the current status indicates data validity and recovery being enabled for the data, reading, at the obtained PBA, the requested data; responsive to determining that the current status indicates data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data, determining to send, to the host, a predetermined pattern which indicates that the requested data is not valid; and returning the requested data or the predetermined pattern to a requester; and in response to determining that the source of the read request is internal: obtaining, from the data structure, a current PBA and a current status corresponding to the LBA; reading, at the obtained PBA, the requested data; and returning the requested data to the requester.
 20. An apparatus, comprising: a communication module configured to receive data associated with a logical block address (LBA) to be written to a non-volatile memory; a mapping table-managing module configured to store, in a data structure, a mapping of a first physical block address (PBA) corresponding to the LBA to a first status for the data, wherein the first status indicates data validity and recovery being enabled for the data; responsive to the communication module receiving a command to delete the data, the mapping table-managing module is further configured to modify the first status to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data; and responsive to the communication module receiving a command to recover the previously deleted data, the mapping table-managing module is further configured to modify the first status to indicate data validity and recovery being enabled for the data.
 21. A computer-implemented method, comprising: receiving data associated with a logical block address (LBA) to be written to a non-volatile memory; storing, in a data structure, a mapping of a first physical block address (PBA) corresponding to the LBA to a first status for the data, wherein the first status indicates data validity and recovery being enabled for the data; responsive to receiving a first command to delete the data, modifying the first status to indicate data invalidity and recovery being enabled for the data; and responsive to receiving a second command to recover the previously deleted data, modifying the first status to indicate data validity and recovery being enabled for the data. 